Because concerns had been raised about the provenance of my historical narrative of the American Revolution, and why the story had been suppressed for so many years (nearly 250!), I am providing the Bibliography section of the book for those who have yet to purchase this book. At the same time, I am pleased to report that we are currently in the process of producing an audio adaptation, which should be available in the coming months. For those of you who have provided continuing encouragement, thank you once again. For those who have not yet read the book, I would encourage you to either purchase the kindle or paperback edition, or at this point you can await the upcoming audio book.
- Anderson, MS, The War of the Austrian Succession 1740–1748, Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2000, p. 7-9.
- Ingrao, Charles, The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815 (New Approaches to European History), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 113.
- Ingrao, op.cit., p. 129.
- Ingrao, op.cit., p. 149.
- Franklin, Benjamin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, 1791 edition reproduced New York, 2015, p. 15.
- Waldstreicher, David, Runaway America, New York: Hill & Wang, 2004, p. 4.
- Franklin op.cit., p. 17.
- Franklin op.cit., p. 17.
- Jackson, Maurice, Let This Voice Be Heard, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009., pp. 7-8.
- Franklin op.cit. pp. 18-21.
- Franklin, op.cit., pp. 21-22.
- Franklin, op.cit., pp. 30-32.
- Franklin, op.cit., p. 36.
- Franklin, op.cit., pp. 38-44.
- Franklin, op.cit., p. 64.
- Franklin, op.cit., pp. 38-44.
- Franklin, op.cit. p. 41.
- Middlekauff, Robert, Benjamin Franklin and His Enemies, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998, p. 34.
- Proud, Robert, The History of Pennsylvania in North America from the Original Institution and Settlement of that Province . . . , Philadelphia: Zachariah Poulson, Junior, 1798, pp. 208-209.
- Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin: An American Life, New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003, p. 156. See also Waldstreicher, op.cit., p. 151 for a more critical viewpoint of how this deception led directly to threatening the safety of the Pennsylvania settlers.
- Middlekauff, op.cit., p. 71.
- Middlekauff, op.cit., p. 35.
- Ingrao, op.cit., p. 157.
- Middlekauff, op.cit., p. 35.
- The Packard Humanities Institute Papers of Benjamin Franklin, 1988, Los Altos, California, Tuesday, November 17, 1747.
- Middlekauff, op.cit., p. 36.
- Middlekauff, op.cit., p. 36.
- Franklin, op.cit, p.73. For full manuscript: The Packard Humanities Institute, ibid.
- Middlekauff, op.cit., p.37.
- Middlekauff, op.cit., p. 38.
- Middlekauff, op.cit., p. 39.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 158
- Chernow, Ron, Washington: A Life, London: Penguin Press, 2010, pp. 41-45.
- Morgan, Edmund S., Benjamin Franklin, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002, p. 91.
- Franklin, op.cit., pp. 90-93.
- Middlekauff, op.cit., p.47.
- Franklin, op.cit., p. 93.
- Chernow, op.cit., pp. 57-58.
- Middlekauff, op.cit., p. 41.
- Middlekauff, op.cit., pp. 40-41.
- Middlekauff, op.cit., p. 51.
- Morgan, Edmund S., Benjamin Franklin, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002, pp. 82-85.
- Schutz, John, Thomas Pownall, British Defender of American Liberty, Glendale, California: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1951, pp. 37-38.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 41-42.
- Morgan, op.cit., p. 88.
- Waldstreicher, op.cit., pp. 176-177, Morgan, op.cit., p. 85.
- Waldstreicher, op.cit., p. 152, Middlekauff, op.cit., p. 55.
- Morgan, op.cit., p. 103.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 175, Morgan, op.cit., p. 105.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 176.
- Morgan, op.cit., pp. 109-110.
- Fox, Richard Hingston, Dr. John Fothergill and His Friends, London: MacMillan and Company, Ltd., 1919, p. 314.
- Middlekauff, op.cit., pp. 64-65.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 184-185.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 185.
- The Packard Humanities Institute, PBF, [Isaac Norris] January 14, 1758.
- Middlekauff, op.cit., p. 71.
- Fox, op.cit., p. 317, Morgan, op.cit., p. 113.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 19-29, for the biographical sketch leading up to his emigration to the British colonies in 1753.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 15-16.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 31-35.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 50-51.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 55.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 58-63.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 68-69.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 70-71. During this time, suspicion was rampant in the colonies, and especially in Philadelphia, that Pownall was conspiring with Franklin about a variety of topics including politics and colonial defense, see also Schutz, pp. 49-50, 74-75.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 70-71..
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 83.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 105-107.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 169-173.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 175.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 180.
- Franklin, op.cit., pp. 110-111. For the close friendship of Franklin and Fothergill which was developing in this time, see also Fox, op.cit., p. 315.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 183-184, Morgan, op.cit., p. 114.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 195. Franklin, op.cit., pp. 112-113. This incident would essentially end Franklin’s autobiography; he never returned to the project.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 192-194. For a summary of Franklin’s likely thought processes in this difficult time of his life, see also Middlekauff, op.cit., pp. 110-114.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 195-198, Morgan, op.cit., p. 107. After that trip, he would be known to one and all as “Dr. Franklin”.
- Isaacson, ibid.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 55-60.
- See for example, Gallegos, Jeremy, “Hume on Revolution”, Boston, Massachusetts, Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, 1998, archived on-line.
- Middlekauff, op.cit., p. 77.
- Morgan, op.cit., p. 129.
- Dumas, Charles G. F., Historical Account of Bouquet’s Expedition Against the Ohio Indians, in 1764, Cincinnati, Ohio: The Robert Clarke Company, 1907, pp. 3-6.
- Dumas, op.cit., pp. 8-9.
- Dumas, op.cit., pp. 9-14.
- Dumas, op.cit., pp. 14-21.
- Dumas, op.cit., p. 22.
- Dumas, op.cit, p. 67.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 210.
- Isaacson, ibid.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 212.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 213.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 216-218.
- Dumas, op.cit., p. 72.
- Morgan, op.cit., p. 145.
- Morgan, op.cit., p. 149.
- Morgan, op.cit., p. 157, Isaacson, op.cit., p. 222.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 247.
- Middlekauff, op.cit., pp. 106-107, Schutz, op.cit., pp. 203-204.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 204-205.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 183-184.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 208-214.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 197.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 199-200.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 204-208.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 209.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 210.
- , op.cit., pp. 205-206.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 190-191, 207.
- Morgan, op.cit., p. 150.
- for the varied reception of this edition, see Schutz, op.cit., pp. 207-213.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 208.
- , op.cit., p.205.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 213.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 212. Franklin had, by this time, come to agree with Pownall regarding Pownall’s stance that all the colonies had to be freed from the Crown, rather than simply trying to free Pennsylvania from the Penn family. But in this public notice, Franklin acknowledged to London, and to us, that it was indeed Pownall who had led him to this realization, rather than the other way around.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 213. Already Pownall was drawing undue attention to himself with his discrete evening meetings with the Americans.
- Schaeper, Thomas J., Edward Bancroft, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2011, p. 14.
- Schaeper, ibid. Schaeper provides a clear-eyed discussion of this controversy, pp. 14- 21, that betrays Bancroft as an acolyte of Pownall and Franklin, right down to the “solution” that Bancroft advances in his treatise: federation of the Empire with an international Parliament.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 215-217.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 218-220.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 224-225.
- Schutz, op.cit,, p. 222.
- Schutze, op.cit., pp. 225-226.
- Hosmer, John K., The Life of Thomas Hutchinson, Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1896, pp. 1, 2.
- Hosmer, op.cit., p. 4.
- Hosmer, op.cit., pp. 27-30.
- Bailyn, Bernard, The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1974, p. 54.
- Hosmer, op.cit., pp. 72-73. James Otis would coin the term here, but variations would be heard throughout the American colonies for the ensuing twenty years.
- Bailyn, op.cit., p. 65.
- Bailyn, op.cit., pp. 68-69.
- Fox, op.cit., p. 319, which also accords great credit to William Pitt the Elder, and of course, John Fothergill.
- Bailyn, op.cit., p. 157.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 228.
- Middlekauff, op.cit., pp. 108-114. Middlekauff is more or less certain that at this point in his life, Franklin was willing to risk revolution to wrest Pennsylvania from the Penn grip, if that was the only remaining solution.
- Fox, op.cit., pp. 320-321, where Fothergill is already lamenting the potential loss of Franklin as an agent for the colonies in London.
- Fox, op.cit., p. 271, p. 326.
- Fox, op.cit., p. 24. By this time, Fothergill and Barclay were nearly inseparable, with a deep father/son relationship.
- Fox, op.cit., pp. 263-267.
- The Packard Humanities Institute, PBF, letter to John Fothergill, March 14, 1764 for Franklin’s assessment of the daily life of John Fothergill, presumably in jest.
- Schutz, op.cit., p.226 for a discussion of Pownall’s concerns of the inevitability, by spring 1770, of colonial revolution.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 227-229 for the efforts by the Whigs generally, and Pownall in particular, to mollify both Parliament and Massachusetts following the Boston Massacre.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 228. David Barclay, grandson of Robert Barclay, the author of An Apology for the true Christian Divinity, 1676, remained a devout Quaker throughout his life, and his speech was always punctuated with the “Quaker pronouns”.
- Hoare, Prince, Memoirs [of Granville Sharp]: London, Ellerton and Henson, 1820, p.69. Fothergill was a devout abolitionist in ongoing correspondence with Benezet, and here enlists Franklin in a promise of joining in abolitionism as a condition of Fothergill’s devotion to his cause.
- Fox, op.cit., p. 271.
- Fox, op.cit., p. 315, p. 321, for an observation of the tender relationship between Franklin and Fothergill during this time.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 259.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 260-261.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 229.
- Currey, Cecil B., Code Number 72–Ben Franklin: Patriot or Spy, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1972, p. 38.
- Wallace, David D., The Life of Henry Laurens, with a Sketch of the Life of Lieutenant- Colonel John Laurens, New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1915, pp. 13-15.
- Wallace, op.cit., pp. 16-18.
- Wallace, op.cit., pp. 44-56.
- Wallace, op.cit., p. 47, for example reveals Laurens selling 17 Scottish indentured servants for profit. Not all unfree persons in 18th century America were black Africans.
- Wallace, op.cit., p. 191 Curiously, Laurens was in London when Somersett was decided, and spoke only of Mansfield making a decision “suitable to the times.” With the moral blindness of the 18th century plantation owner, Laurens is outspokenly critical of the “low morals” rampant in London at that time.
- Wise, Steven M. Though the Heavens May Fall, Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2005, pp. 1 ff. The sketch about the early life of James Somersett is based in part on the conjectures regarding slaves in similar circumstances in mid-18th century Virginia. We do know that he was taken to the Caribbean from Sierra Leone in 1748.
- Wise, op.cit., p. 129.
- Charles Steuart Papers, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia, “Narrative of the ‘Spanish Affair’, Charles Steuart, August 26, 1789”.
- The Magazine of History with Notes and Queries, Indiana University Press, v. 3, 1906, p. 151.
- Wise, op.cit., p.10.
- Wise, op.cit., p. 53.
- Wise, op.cit., p.10.
- Jackson, op.cit., biographical information, pp. 2-7.
- Jackson, op.cit., p. 8.
- Jackson, op.cit., p. 8. Clearly, Franklin would be well-acquainted with the entire Benezet family from 1743 until the end of Anthony’s life.
- Jackson, op.cit., pp. 11 ff.
- Jackson, op.cit., pp. 18-20.
- Jackson, op.cit., pp. 18-20.
- Jackson, op.cit., pp. 21-22. This seemingly simple statement was in fact ground- breaking in that era, and flew in the face of “relative learning” espoused by Hume, Jefferson, and even Sharp, that blacks had to be offered lesser accommodations based upon their “lesser abilities.” To that, Benezet, who had clearly demonstrated quite the opposite, would loudly, roundly, and correctly, object.
- Jackson, op.cit., p. 27.
- Jackson, op.cit., p. 28. Benezet in his later life, in the years leading up to the American Revolution, and throughout the conflict, about 1770-1783, was clearly revered throughout Philadelphia as something of a “holy man”, and was accorded due deference by Americans, French, indigenous peoples, and British alike. He was, in that era and in that place, something akin to Mother Teresa of Kolkata.
- Hoare, op.cit. p. 27 ff., for biographical sketch information.
- Hoare, op.cit., p. 30.
- Hoare, op.cit., p. 30.
- Hoare, op.cit., p. 31.
- Hoare, op.cit., p. 32.
- Wise, op.cit., p. 21.
- Hoare, op.cit., p. 32.
- Hoare, op.cit., p. 33.
- Hoare, op.cit., p. 34.
- Hoare, op.cit., p. 36.
- Wise, op.cit., pp. 34-35. “Plagiarism” of pamphlets among abolitionists throughout the British Empire in the 18th-19th century was not considered a tort; on the contrary, it was perceived throughout the Empire as the sincerest form of flattery. The editing and interchange of treatises between Sharp and Benezet was no exception.
- Hoare, op.cit., p.41.
- Hoare, op.cit., p. 47.
- Hoare, op.cit., p. 47 with footnote.
- For a discussion of Mansfield’s thought process on this issue, see Wise, op.cit., p. 71 ff., Hoare, op.cit., pp. 69-70.
- Hoare, op.cit., pp. 69-70.
- Higginbotham, A. Leon, Jr., In the Matter of Color, New York: Oxford University Press, 1978, pp. 392-395.
- Waldstreicher, op.cit., p. 20.
- Waldstreicher, op.cit., pp. 20, 23.
- Waldstreicher, op.cit., pp. 3-4.
- Hoare, op.cit., p. 53.
- Hoare, op.cit., pp. 54 ff. (this is a relatively prolonged retelling of the extremes which Stapylton put Mrs. Banks and Granville Sharp through, for uncertain reasons).
- Wise, op.cit., pp. 40-43 (a brutally honest discussion of John Dunning as he presented himself in the days leading up to 1772). As to the running feud between Dunning and Mansfield, see also Wise, op.cit., pp. 64-67.
- Wise, op.cit., p. 85.
- extensively retold by Wise, op.cit., pp. 87-92.
- Stephen, Sir James, A History of the Criminal Law of England, London: MacMillan and Co., 1883, vol 1, p. 311.
- Hunter, Robert, The Imperial Encyclopaedic Dictionary, London, 1901, v. 4, p. 1481, for a legal definition of “dither”, from Northumberland “didder”, to tremble, quake, waver.
- Hoare, op.cit., p. 60.
- Hoare, op.cit., p. 60-61.
- Heward, Edmund, Lord Mansfield: A Biography of William Murray 1st Earl of Mansfield 1705-1793 Lord Chief Justice for 32 Years, Chichester: Barry Rose Ltd., 1979, pp 2-10.
- Wise, op.cit., 117-120, for a carefully researched and thorough expository of the shortcomings of Sharp’s legal background, which led him to conclude that Dunning’s actions were “abominable and insufferable”.
- Hoare, op.cit., p. 70.
- Hoare, op.cit., p. 70.
- Hoare, op.cit., pp. 71-75, for the fascinating exchange of correspondence regarding the nature of slavery in the British Empire.
- Hoare, op.cit., p. 83.
- Hoare, op.cit., p. 75.
- Wise, op.cit., p. 124.
- Hoare, op.cit., pp. 49-51.
- Wise, op.cit., p. 155.
- Pulling, Alexander, The Order of the Coif, London: 1884, William Clows & Sons, Ltd., for much of the history of the Serjeants at law in the Inns of Court, London.
- Wise, op.cit., p. 133. For a discussion of the implication of the return, and the deception about the residence of Somersett and Steuart in Virginia, rather than Massachusetts, prior to their emigration to London, see Wise, op.cit., pp. 129-133.
- Hoare, op.cit, pp. 75-77.
- Wise, op.cit., p. 140.
- Hoare, op.cit., p. 77.
- Hoare, op.cit., pp. 77-78.
- Hoare, op.cit., p.81.
- Wise, op.cit., p. 153.
- The Packard Humanities Institute, PBF, [Tuesday], February 11, 1772.
- Hoare, op.cit., pp. 83-84.
- Hoare, op.cit., p. 84.
- Wise, op.cit., p. 149.
- Wise, op.cit., pp. 149-150.
- Wise, op.cit., p. 151.
- Wise, op.cit., pp. 151-152.
- Wise, op.cit., p. 153.
- Wise, op.cit., p. 153.
- Wise, op.cit., p. 153.
- Wise, op.cit., pp. 157-158.
- Hoare, op.cit., p. 89., Wise, op.cit., p. 155.
- Wise, op.cit., pp. 156-157.
- Wise, op.cit., pp. 158-159.
- Wise, op.cit., pp.159-161.
- Hoare, op.cit., p. 88.
- Wise, op.cit., pp. 160-162.
- for a thorough breakdown on the Dunning defense, and its clear futility in the eyes of its original audience, see Wise, op.cit., pp. 162-167.
- Wise, op.cit., p. 168.
- Hoare, op.cit., p. 88.
- Wise, op.cit., pp. 169-173.
- Wise, op.cit., p. 173.
- Hoare, op.cit., pp. 89-91, Wise, op.cit., pp. 179-182. This judgment, so critical to the American Revolution, to the cause of abolition, and to history, is far too important to simply annotate here. Wise affords it the thorough dissection it so richly deserves, op.cit., pp. 179- 191, while carefully noting that there were no recordings, no concurrent annotations of that day in court, no “court reporters”, etc., and therefore the best we can do is rely upon such authors as Capel Lofft, who provided timely court summaries in that era.
- Dumas, Charles, Historical Account of Bouquet’s Expedition Against the Ohio Indians, in 1764, Cincinnati, Ohio: The Robert Clarke Company, 1907, publisher’s preface, p. V.
- The Packard Institute, PBF, “To Charles Dumas, Monday, July 25, 1768”.
- Hoare, op.cit., pp. 97 ff., for a discussion of the correspondence between Franklin, Fothergill, and Benezet from the 1760’s regarding abolition.
- Hoare, op.cit., pp. 49-51. Sharp and Fothergill had been in confidential correspondence for almost two years at this point, on the topic of legal manumission of a slave.
- Hoare, op.cit., pp. 41-43, where Sharp attributes his information in pursuit of abolition to an essay from Benezet, 1762.
- Hoare, op.cit., pp. 69-70.
- Alexander, John K., Samuel Adams: America’s Revolutionary Politician, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. For biographical sketch, see pp. 1 ff.
- Alexander, op.cit., p. 58.
- Alexander, op.cit., see pp. 14, 27, 53-54 for the traditional issue of collecting local taxes in Boston.
- Alexander, op.cit., pp. 30-33.
- Alexander, op.cit., pp. 55-60.
- Ferling, John E., John Adams: A Life, Knoxville, Tennessee: The University of Tennessee Press, 1992, pp. 11-20 for biographical sketch.
- Ferling, op.cit., pp. 36-39.
- Ferling, op.cit., pp. 47-49.
- Alexander, op.cit., p. 97.
- Hoare, op.cit., pp. 92-94 for the public impact of this decision in London.
- The Packard Humanities Institute, PBF, editorial in London Chronicle, June 18- 20. There is a significant, and apparently previously unrevealed, problem of significance regarding the dates of the decision from King’s Bench, and the date of Franklin’s editorial in the London Chronicle. The one group most likely to have been given forewarning of this decision would be the London meeting of the Society of Friends (“Quakers”), from the Roman Catholic Lord Mansfield in a chambers discussion with Granville Sharp, and then from Sharp to Fothergill and perhaps Barclay as well. The wording of the editorial may be telling: Franklin hedges as to whether the court, or a prior settlement by the British plantation owners, had actually “freed” Somersett. And remember that the publisher of the London Chronicle is one of Franklin’s closest lifelong friends, William Strahan, who could well have been a confederate in this part of the conspiracy to publicize the Somersett decision.
- Wise, op.cit., pp. 209-210.
- Wise, op.cit., pp. 202-203.
- Shakespeare, William, MacBeth, Act. I, Scene 7.
- Alexander, op.cit., p. 97., Schutz, op.cit., p. 229.
- Schutz, ibid.
- Bailyn, op.cit., p. 227.
- Penegar, Kenneth, The Political Trial of Benjamin Franklin, New York: Algora Publishing, 2011, pp. 23-24.
- Bailyn, op.cit., p. 227.
- Morgan, Edmund, Benjamin Franklin, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2003, p. 187.
- Morgan, op.cit., p. 196.
- Morgan, op.cit., p. 197.
- Morgan, op.cit., p.196.
- Labaree, Benjamin Woods, The Boston Tea Party, Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1964, p. 78-79.
- The behavior of Adams during his exhortation at the Old South Meeting House on December 16, 1773, will forever remain a source of conjecture. While his family and historians of the past fifty years have held firmly to the stance that Adams was in fact trying to suppress the shipboard riots of that evening, he most assuredly did not thereafter condemn the behavior. Rather, he publicly condoned it as the appropriate response to the “illegal” tax on British tea levied upon the colonists, Alexander, op.cit., p. 126 and p. 129.
- Morgan, op.cit., p. 199.
- Morgan, op.cit., pp. 205-208.
- Penegar, op.cit., pp. 23-24.
- Morgan, op.cit., p. 196. But Franklin knew precisely “what he was doing”, in direct contradiction to Morgan’s conjecture.
- Morgan, op.cit., p. 199.
- Morgan, ibid.
- Morgan, ibid.
- Morgan, op.cit., p. 197.
- Morgan, op.cit., p. 202.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 277.
- for one of the most thorough reviews of the famous “Cockpit Hearing”, see the overview from Founders Online, The Final Hearing before the Privy Council . . .29 January 1774, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1978, pp. 37-70.
- all biographical information from Chisholm, Hugh, ed., “Rosslyn, Alexander Wedderburn, First Earl of”, Encyclopedia Britannica, 1911, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 11th edition.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p 278.
- Isaacson, ibid.
- Schutz, op.cit.,
- Conway, Moncure D., The Life of Thomas Paine, London: Watts & Co., 1909, pp. 1-6.
- Conway, op.cit., p. 7.
- Conway, op.cit., p. 7-8.
- Conway, op.cit., p. 9.
- Conway, op.cit., pp. 11-12.
- Conway, op.cit., p. 13.
- Conway, op.cit., p. 15.
- Conway, op.cit., p. 16.
- Trinity Writers, Oliver Goldsmith, Dublin, Ireland: Trinity College, Dublin, updated 2016.
- The life of Thomas Paine between June and October, 1774, remains an historical cipher, even for his most definitive biographer, Conway. The only remaining historical record of this time is the coverage of the cost of his emigration to America, borne by Franklin, and the introductory letter penned by Franklin, to Franklin’s son-in-law, Richard Bache, written in September, 1774, Conway op.cit., p. 16., v.i.
- The Packard Humanities Institute, PBF, Letter of Charles Dumas, sent after January 28, 1774.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 278.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 279-280.
- Isaacson, p. 279.
- Conway, op.cit., p. 16.
- Conway, op.cit., p. 20.
- Morgan, op.cit., p. 65.
- Hannah, Leslie, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford: University Press, online edition, 2019, see “Barclay, David (1729-1809)”. It is regrettable that at the present time, no definitive biography has yet been written of this most influential 18th century British banker, political figure, and religious leader, v.i., especially in the Epilogue.
- Ackrill, Margaret and Hannah, Leslie, Barclays: The Business of Banking 1690-1996, Cambridge: University Press, 2007, pp. 8-14.
- Ackrill and Hannah, op.cit., p. 16.
- Ackrill and Hannah, op.cit., p. 18.
- Currey, op.cit., pp. 75-76.
- Isaacson, pp. 325-326.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 320-321.
- The Packard Humanities Institute, PBF, to Dumas, Saturday, December 9, 1775: Franklin writes in response to Dumas to encrypt all further correspondence to Arthur Lee in London due to concerns re: intercepted correspondence by British agents overseas.
- ——–, “The Cistercian Order: Medieval and Early Modern Challenges”, Cistercian Abbey/Our Lady of Dallas, cistercian.org.
- Ellis, Joseph J., His Excellency, George Washington, New York: Alfred E. Knopf, 2004, pp. 92-109.
- James, James Alton, ”Oliver Pollock: The Life and Times of an Unknown Patriot”, New York: —–, 1937, p. 1 ff.
- O’Meara, Walter, Guns at the Forks, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005, p. 249.
- Conway, op.cit., p. 16.
- Conway, op.cit., p. 18.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 282.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 285, Morgan, op.cit., p. 212.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 284.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 286.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 287, Morgan, op.cit., pp. 215-217.
- The Packard Humanities Institute, PBF, return correspondence from Dumas [original apparently destroyed], May 17, 1775.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 287-288.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 288.
- Jenkins, Howard, “The Family of William Penn (continued). IX. Thomas Penn”, The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 21, no. 3, 1897, pp. 343-344.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 205.
- Morgan, op.cit., p. 218. The essay by Franklin cited here, sums up in a few words, Franklin’s anger and dejection over the absolutely deplorable state of corruption in Parliament as he saw it, in March, 1775.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 288.
- Fox, op.cit., p. 378, regarding Fothergill’s progressive loss of spirit at this point in his life.
- Fox, op.cit., p. 336. This author’s point of view is purely that of Barclay and Fothergill, and affirms their stance at that point in time, that the American colonies were the only remaining hope for English-speaking peoples of all demographics to secure an honest, free, and democratic form of government. Far from rejecting the demands of the American patriots, they were at this time expressing their disapproval of their own government, and wished Franklin ultimate success.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 290-291.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 291-292, Morgan, op.cit., pp. 224-225.
- Morgan, op.cit., p. 225.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 292.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 293-294.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 296, Morgan, op.cit., p. 225.
- Buach, Jr., Allan J., Charles William Frederick Dumas and the American Revolution (1775-1783), Omaha, Nebraska: University of Nebraska, 1966, pp. 4-5. The Secret Committee of Correspondence, with Harrison, Franklin, Jefferson, Dickinson, and Jay, was already being formulated when the “Olive Branch Petition” was sent to King George III.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 298.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 299.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 301-302, Currey, op.cit., p. 60.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 302-304, Currey, op.cit., pp. 60-61.
- Isaacson, ibid.
- Morgan, op.cit., pp. 228-229.
- Currey, op.cit., p. 73.
- Morgan, op.cit., pp. 229-230, Buach, op.cit., pp. 5-6.
- Conway, op.cit., p. 25.
- Buach, op.cit., p. 11.
- Buach, op.cit., pp. 16-17.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 307-308, Morgan, op.cit., 230-231. The massive impact of this effort, and the mistaken attribution to Franklin, is thoroughly discussed in Conway, op.cit., pp. 25-32.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 305-307, Morgan, op.cit., pp. 230-231.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 308, Morgan, op.cit., p. 231.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 310-312.
- Isaacson, p. 312.
- Calhoun, Jeanne A., “Thomas Lee of Stratford, 1690-1750: Founder of a Virginia Dynasty”, Northern Neck of Virginia Historical Magazine, vol. XLI, no. 1 (1991), recovered on-line September 27, 2007, for biographical information on the Lee family.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 316-320, Morgan, op.cit., pp. 231-236.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 320-322, Morgan, op.cit., pp. 240-241.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed., “Arthur Lee”, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911, for biographical information.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 321.
- Morgan, op.cit., p.256.
- Center for the Study of Intelligence, “Beaumarchais and the American Revolution”, Central Intelligence Agency Documents Approved for Release, 22 September, 1993, for the most exhaustive retelling of the entire, extremely convoluted “Beaumarchais affair”. The legitimacy and lack thereof, by Arthur Lee and by Silas Deane, can be left to the reader of this document.
- Schaeper, op.cit., pp. 1-3.
- Schaeper, op.cit., p. 5.
- Schaeper, op.cit., pp. 13-14.
- Schaeper, op.cit., p. 42.
- Schaper, op.cit., pp. 263-272, for an extensive discussion of the ongoing controversy regarding the complicated relationship between Franklin, Bancroft, and the British government during the American Revolution.
- Currey, op.cit., p. 84.
- Schaeper, op.cit., p. 69.
- Currey, op.cit., p. 85.
- Schaeper, op.cit., p. 143.
- Covart, Elizabeth M., “Silas Deane: Forgotten Patriot” Journal of the American Revolution, July 30, 2014, on-line, for biographical information.
- Schaeper, op.cit., p. 48-49.
- Schaeper, op.cit., p. 49
- Buach, op.cit., pp. 27-28.
- Center for the Study of Intelligence, ibid.
- Currey, op.cit., pp. 97-98. This ruse was set up to last through the Revolution, and Jefferson in Paris after the war, was shown thousands of similar worthless firearms which had been gathered, had the British blockade proven efficient, to continue to use as decoys.
- Schaeper, op.cit., p. 53.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 324, Morgan, op.cit., pp. 240-241.
- Schaeper, op.cit., p. 72.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 305-306.
- Schaeper, ibid.
- Buach, op.cit., p. 30. Deane, it would appear, never really pursued encryption aggressively, and this would be yet another factor in Franklin’s ultimate decision to sever all ties with Deane.
- Buach, op.cit., p. 31.
- Schaeper, op.cit., p. 85.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 331, Schaeper, op.cit., pp. 86-87.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 329.
- Currey, op.cit., p. 116.
- Schaeper, op.cit., p. 86., Currey, op.cit., p. 117.
- Schaeper, op.cit., pp. 49-50, Currey, loc.cit.
- Currey, op.cit., pp. 126-127.
- Schaeper, op.cit., pp. 85-87. Schaeper is but one of many authors, including future president John Adams, who immediately picked up on the concept that Lee’s presence in Passy was neither needed, nor wanted, nor requested, nor accepted.
- Schaeper, op.cit., p. 89.
- Schaeper, op.cit., p. 91.
- Currey, op.cit., p. 127-128.
- Currey, op.cit., p. 128.
- Currey, ibid.
- Currey, op.cit., pp. 128-129.
- Currey, op.cit., p. 129.
- Currey, op.cit., p. 130.
- Currey, op.cit., pp. 130-131.
- Buach, op.cit., pp. 34-36.
- Buach, op.cit., p. 37.
- Conway, op.cit., p. 34.
- Conway, op.cit., p. 35.
- Conway, op.cit., p. 36.
- Conway, op.cit., pp. 37-48.
- Conway, op.cit. p. 36.
- Conway, ibid.
- Conway, op.cit., p. 38.
- Conway, p. 37.
- Morgan, op.cit., p. 196. Franklin had recognized this issue by 1770, and by 1775 was far more comfortable with the vicissitudes of distance in the decision-making issues between Europe and its colonies, than most of his contemporaries.
- Schaeper, op.cit., pp. 161-162, for just a few examples. Generally, the time delay factor proved not only insurmountable for the British government, but a major contributor to its overall defeat in the American Revolution.
- Buach, op.cit., p. 38.
- New York State Division of Military and Naval Affairs: Military History, February 21, 2006.
- Ketchum, Richard, Saratoga: Turning Point of America’s Revolutionary War, New York: Henry Holt, 1997, pp. 82-85.
- Ketchum, op.cit., p. 335.
- Independence Hall Association, Virtual Marching Tour of the American Revolutionary War, The Philadelphia Campaign, 1777, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: ushistory.org, 1999, for a detailed examination of Howe’s relatively inept campaign against Washington, while Burgoyne was marching into a mousetrap.
- Ketchum, op.cit., p. 171.
- The Packard Humanities Institute, PBF, Dumas to the American Commissioners, 23 January 1778. The loss of this German commander and German army would have disastrous consequences in Prussia and Saxony, where civil war was threatening, and thereafter the King of Prussia was extremely reluctant to continue to facilitate the British practice of hiring German soldiers to fight the British wars.
- Nickerson, Hoffman, The Turning Point of the Revolution, Port Washington, NY: Kennicat, 1967 edition, pp. 180, 216.
- Ketchum,op.cit., pp. 347-348.
- Nickerson, op.cit., p. 309; Ketchum, op.cit., p. 362.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 236.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 237.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 237-238.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 238-239.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 240.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 241.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 247.
- The Packard Humanities Institute, PBF, before February 1, 1778, for an example of the cryptic notes to Franklin from Grand during this critical time, in regard to the laundering of French currency through Amsterdam, and the subtle latitude of dates and places in the transfers to expedite their transmission to the Americans.
- Isaacson, pp. 343-344.
- Weber, Ralph, Masked Dispatches: Cryptograms and Cryptology in American History, 1775-1900, Washington, D.C.: Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency, 2nd edition, 2002, pp. 18-20.
- Conway, op.cit., pp. 39-40.
- Conway, op.cit., p. 41.
- Conway, op.cit., pp. 41-42.
- Isaacson, pp. 345-346.
- See the Prologue for the financial and political significance of this statement. Also, Isaacson, op.cit., p. 344.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 347.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 349.
- Buach, op.cit., p. 33.
- Currey, op.cit., p. 226.
- Roider, Karl A., “William Lee: Our First Envoy in Vienna”, The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 86, no. 2 (1978), pp. 163-168. This is perhaps the most “positively” biased account of the William and Arthur Lee experience in Europe, and still comes across as little more than a “Laurel and Hardy” short subject.
- Roider, op.cit., p. 167.
- Buach, op.cit., p. 57.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 350-353. Lest the reader presume that the ‘outrage of Adams’ is my peculiar invention, this passage of Isaacson reveals the nature of Adams’s perception of Franklin, and of Franklin’s idolization in Europe. Adams looked at all of this, and his response was . . . outrage. The personality of John Adams may well have served as the inspiration for the personality of Donald Duck.
- Conway, op.cit., p. 51.
- Conway, op.cit., p. 58.
- Conway, op.cit., pp. 49-51.
- Middlekauff, op.cit., p. 157.
- Conway, op.cit., p. 51.
- Conway, op.cit., p. 52.
- Conway, op.cit., pp. 55-59, for a thorough retelling of this entire sordid affair, and its fallout in the lives of Deane and Beaumarchais. Deane’s gambling against the survival of the United States as a political entity is exposed, and Paine’s steadfast assertion of the true source of the ‘gift’ is affirmed.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 251-252.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 255-256.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 256.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 261-262.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 262.
- Morgan, op.cit., p. 262.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 350-351.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 382-383.
- Middlekauff, op.cit., p. 173. Middlekauff’s chapter on Adams, pp. 171-202, provides some incisive commentary on the difficult personality of this complicated American diplomat and future president.
- Middlekauff, op.cit., pp. 167-170, for a thorough discussion of the grief these two inflicted upon the overworked Dr. Franklin, and his unique response to their behavior.
- Buach, op.cit., p. 60.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 396.
- Wallace, op.cit., p. 349.
- Wallace, op.cit., p. 358.
- Wallace, op.cit., p. 359.
- Wallace, op.cit., pp. 359-360.
- Buach, op.cit., pp. 69-70
- Buach, op.cit., pp. 70-71. The Rule of 1756, by which the British ruled the seas worldwide, was that ports closed to trade with any but a single trading partner during peace- time, could not trade with foreign partners during war-time. This of course applied directly and explicitly to their colonies in North America.
- Buach, op.cit., pp. 72-76.
- Buach, op.cit., p. 78.
- Buach, op.cit., pp. 83-84.
- Brands, op.cit., p. 577 for biographical information.
- Brands, ibid.
- Brands, op.cit., p. 578.
- Brands, op.cit., p. 579.
- Buach, op.cit., p. 84.
- Brands, op.cit., p. 580.
- Buach, op.cit., p. 85.
- Buach, op.cit., p. 88.
- Buach, op.cit., pp. 101-102.
- Buach, op.cit., p. 105.
- Buach, op.cit., p. 114. This overview of the “Texel affair” is reviewed by Buach exhaustively in his remarkable thesis, and was politically complex. Franklin, Dumas, and Jones were shamelessly manipulating three European governments (France, Great Britain, and the United Provinces) for a simple end: recognition of the United States of America by the United Provinces, to afford Barclay and Dumas the ability to negotiate financial support for the Revolution. They were triumphant in this mission to an extraordinary degree, and this would prove John Paul Jones’s greatest political victory, far exceeding anything he accomplished on the high seas.
- Currey, op.cit., p. 185.
- The Packard Humanities Institute, PBF, Monday, October 9, 1780.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 396.
- Conway, op.cit., pp. 68-69.
- for biographical information on Lafayette, see especially Leepson, Marc, Lafayette: Lessons in Leadership from the Idealist General, London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2011. pp 8-26.
- Holbrook, Sabra, Lafayette, Man in the Middle, New York: Atheneum Books, 1977, pp. 19-20.
- Brands, H.W., The First American, New York: Anchor Books, 2002, p. 594. 357
- Brands, ibid.
- Conway, op.cit., pp. 70-71. The relationship between Paine and Laurens is most assuredly problematic. Laurens was the recipient of the now-famous “I love you” letter from Hamilton (see for example, “From Alexander Hamilton to Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens” [April 1779], National Archives: Founders Online, founders.archives.gov/documents/ Hamilton/01-02-02-0100), which creates an enigma to this day as to the sexual proclivities of the sender and recipient. John Laurens was somewhat evasive regarding the reason for his untimely marriage to Martha Manning following her announcement to him of her pregnancy (father? Or empathetic gay suitor seeing a ready family?). For further exposition of this dilemma, see Wallace, op.cit., pp. 464-468. As for Paine, he was married twice, his first marriage ending within one year with the death of his wife. His second marriage ended in annulment presumably for lack of consummation, three years after its inception. Conway goes to great lengths to describe this situation (Conway, op.cit., see especially pp. 13-15) and Paine’s undying financial devotion to this ex-wife. After that, Paine would never again be described in the company of women by his biographer. I will simply leave conclusionsto the reader, but will advise the reader that the sexual proclivities of persons in the 18th century were seldom explicitly described, as homosexuality at that time was a capital offense in the British Empire, and perhaps the majority of homosexual men and women of that era engaged in heterosexual (and not infrequently platonic and childless) marriages due to societal pressures.
- Conway, op.cit., p. 70. For a completely different, and clearly fanciful, telling of this encounter, see Wallace, op.cit., pp. 481-485. This version is based on the recollection of William Jackson, John Lauren’s secretary, from 1832, 50 years after the fact, and fails to recall the presence of Paine altogether, making Laurens’s impertinence into a tour de force that left the French Crown in awe. As if. Indeed, much of Wallace’s efforts here are clearly intended to “whitewash” the Laurens family 130 years too late.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 396.
- Conway, op.cit., p. 70.
- Isaacson, loc.cit.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 397.
- Brands, op.cit., pp. 595-596.
- Davis, Burke, The Campaign That Won America, New York: HarperCollins, 2007, p. 225.
- Davis, op.cit., pp. 229-230.
- Davis, op.cit., p. 265.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 262-263.
- Schaeper, op.cit., p. 165, Brands, op.cit., p. 601.
- Brands, op.cit., p. 602.
- Schutz, op.cit., p. 247.
- Raphael, Ray, Founding Myths, New York: MJF Books, 2004, pp. 211-215 for a thorough discussion of the common misconception that Yorktown equaled the end of hostilities.
- Wallace, op.cit., pp. 463-494.
- Wallace, op.cit., pp. 369-370.
- Wallace, op.cit., pp. 488-490.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 408.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 415-417.
- Morgan, op.cit., p. 292, Isaacson, op.cit., p. 417.
- Conway, op.cit., pp. 72-73.
- Conway, op.cit., pp. 80-86 for an account of the efforts directed toward Paine to stabilize his pension for life, in tribute to his work on behalf of Franklin and the United States of America (including the mercenary vote of Arthur Lee in the Virginia Legislature).
- The Packard Humanities Institute, PBF, Monday, October 6, 1783. 359
- Buach, op.cit., p. 153.
- Buach, op.cit., pp. 153-156.
- Buach, op.cit., pp. 176-177.
- Buach, op.cit., p. 178.
- Buach, op.cit., p. 186.
- Currey, op.cit., pp. 14-17.
- Breig, James, “Dear Eighteenth Century”, in Colonial Williamsburg Journal, Winter, 2011, on-line.
- Wise, op.cit., pp. 180-181.
- Schutz, op.cit., a recounting of all the remarkable roles held by Pownall during the Colonial Era is thoroughly discussed in this biography.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 199-201, and p. 265.
- Morgan, op.cit., p. 304.
- Fox, op.cit., p. 275.
- The Packard Humanities Institute, PBF, Monday, April 7, 1783, also quoted in Franklin, op.cit., p. 51. The profound significance of this letter, especially with Franklin including it in his autobiography, has apparently eluded historians to the present time. Benjamin Vaughan credits Franklin here as the author of American independence, contemporaneously with the signing of the Treaty of Paris, and with Vaughan in possession of access to the deepest of British intelligence over the previous ten years. The “last seventeen years of your life” statement is most telling.
- Morgan, op.cit., p. 298.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 268-271.
- Fox, op.cit., pp. 379-382.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 435.
- Higginbotham, op.cit., pp. 91-99.
- Higginbotham, op.cit., pp. 306-310.
- Blakemore, Erin, Smithsonian.com, “George Washington Used Legal Loopholes to Avoid Freeing His Slaves”, February 16, 2015.
- Barclay, David, An Account of the Emancipation of the Slaves of Unity Valley Pen, in Jamaica, London: William Phillips, 1801.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 279-284 for this remarkable tale of early Latin American pursuit of independence from Spain.
- Schutz, op.cit., pp. 284-287.
- Conway, op.cit. The entire Thomas Paine saga is told in great detail by Conway, and could be a miniseries of books or cinema by itself. I simply commit to the serious history student of Thomas Paine, that remarkable biography.
- Roosevelt, Theodore, Gouverneur Morris, New York: Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1888, p. 289.
- Wise, op.cit., p. 223.
- Wise, op.cit. See esp. p. 214. Wise devotes an entire chapter of his Somerset (sic) account to this issue, pp. 205-215.
- Wise, op.cit., pp. 78-79, 183-184.
- Wise, op.cit., pp. 205-207.
- Wise, op.cit., pp. 218-219.
- for the entire discussion of the Charles Asgill affair, see Isaacson, op.cit., p. 413, Conway, op.cit., pp. 75-76.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 434-435.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 471-472 for a more exhaustive epilogue of the conclusion of Temple Franklin’s life.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 437-438.
- Bowen, Catherine, Miracle at Philadelphia, New York: Little, Brown & Co., 1966, pp. 169-170.
- Bowen, op.cit., p. 9.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 455.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 458-459.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 465.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 466-467.
- Isaacson, op.cit., p. 469.
- Isaacson, ibid.
- Isaacson, op.cit., pp. 469-470.